Understanding PSA: Normal vs Optimal Ranges

?What is PSA?

PSA (prostate specific antigen) is a protein produced by both normal and cancerous prostate cells. It circulates in the blood at low levels in healthy men. Elevated PSA can indicate prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, or recent ejaculation.

!Why It Matters

PSA testing is controversial but remains the primary screening tool for prostate cancer. Rising PSA over time (PSA velocity) and PSA adjusted for prostate size (PSA density) are more informative than a single value. PSA has false positives (elevated without cancer) and false negatives (some aggressive cancers produce little PSA). The decision to screen should be individualised with a physician.

Reference Ranges

Lab normal ranges may vary between laboratories. Optimal and longevity targets are based on research literature and should be interpreted with your physician.

Symptoms of Imbalance

• Elevated PSA usually causes no symptoms
• Prostate cancer symptoms (if present): urinary frequency, urgency, weak stream, blood in urine or semen

How to Improve Your Levels

• 1Lifestyle factors that may reduce risk: exercise, maintain healthy weight, reduce red meat intake
• 2Lycopene (from cooked tomatoes) is associated with reduced prostate cancer risk
• 35-alpha reductase inhibitors (finasteride) lower PSA by ~50% — important to account for when interpreting

When to Test

Annual PSA from age 50 (age 40–45 for those with family history). Fast and avoid ejaculation for 48 hours before test. Digital rectal exam in the past 24 hours can falsely elevate PSA.

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